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As computer programs get more complex, they are becoming more difficult to write. Software developers often use an emulated machine called a virtual machine monitor to monitor their program's behavior and make sure it behaves as intended. This allows for machines with much less storage space than the RAM in the host system to run program software without performance penalties. Without virtual machines, programmers would have to manage much larger programs and increase storage capacity in order to ensure that they didn't encounter any problems when running them on a physical machine (which would be unlikely). Emulation is generally the easiest way to simulate the behavior of a processor. Without an emulator, it would be difficult or impossible to write software that works on multiple processors because each one would be different, but an emulator is able to emulate all of the instructions that are required in order for software to run in a particular machine. A particular emulated machine, however, may have less memory features than the original hardware for which they were designed. The VMS was built by DEC's Computer Systems Research Laboratory (CSRL) when they were engaged in developing the Digital Equipment Corporation PDP-8. The PDP-8 was one of DEC's original eight-bit microprocessors when they entered the computer business in 1958. It was the first CPU based on core memory and had a very simple and minimal instruction set. It was deemed to be one of DEC's most successful computers since it sold so many units and it is the machine that launched the computing career of Ken Thompson, considered by some to be one of the most influential computer scientists of all time. Although it would be impossible to emulate such a small and simple machine on any modern computer, it is instructive to look at how such a basic processor could fit into a system with logic gates made from vacuum tubes. The PDP-8 was followed by the PDP-11, which used a large number of integrated circuit chips instead of circuits built out of vacuum tubes. This enabled the machine to provide more computing power and memory capacity than its predecessor. The PDP-11 was released in 1968 and was DEC's most successful line of 24-bit computers. It had 4K of memory and could serve as a minicomputer or serve as a controller for larger computers such as mainframe systems. The DEC System/370 Model 158, which had been introduced by IBM in 1970, had 36 bits of address space and could support up to 128MB of RAM, although initially it was available only with 64 KB. It provides the ability to perform addressing on 256MB partitions and supports 22 additional addressing modes. The Model 158 has many features that make it suitable for systems management. It has a large amount of memory and can be hot-plugged (from the Control Unit (CU) socket) and hot-swapped (from smaller local area networks). The Model 158 is able to run most commercial software. However, it is very difficult to port software from one machine to another since programs that require more than 64K of memory or more than 3KB of program space do not work correctly on the Model 158 even though they might run on other machines. A programmer does not have access to all the addressing modes, so some programming languages such as COBOL and FORTRAN cannot be used on the Model 158. cfa1e77820
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